Peatland sites are a special type of archaeological sources, the peculiarity of which lies in the ability to preserve organic remains that are not preserved in mineral soils, which makes it possible to use the methods of natural sciences in paleogeographic reconstructions with a greater degree of reliability. A relatively small number of such objects are known on the territory of Russia, located mainly in the Trans-Urals and the forest belt of the East European Plain. Anthropomorphic and zoomorphic sculptures, dishes, vehicles, hunting and fishing tools, and details of buildings made of organic materials were found on peat monuments of the Trans-Urals. These are unique historical sources. Together with materials from a large number of archaeological sites located on mineral soils, they can provide a comprehensive approach to reconstructing the paleolithic environment, everyday life, and worldview of the ancient population of Northern Eurasia. Keywords: Trans-Urals, natural and climatic conditions, swamp-forming process, peatland monuments, archaeological artifacts, reconstruction of material and spiritual culture. Introduction The region under study is located within two physical and geographical countries-the Ural Mountain Plain and the West Siberian Plain, from the mountain range to the valley of the Tobol River (Fig. 1). It occupies several natural and climatic zones with specific topography, geology, hydrography, climate, and vegetation cover. The large extent of the territory in the meridional direction, differences in altitude marks are the reason for the diversity of climatic conditions in certain areas-northern and southern, mountainous and flat. These circumstances are favorable for finding out the main factors of peat accumulation. Swamps are formed as a result of complex physical and geographical processes in specific climatic conditions. The question of the beginning and main stages of swamp formation in the Trans-Urals region has been considered by a nu ... Read more