A. Zeba, K. Sobchik, Jagiellonian University of Krakow, Institute of Archaeology Krakow, Poland

Jagiellonian University of Cracow Institute of Archaeology Rue de Berghes, 6/41, 4020 Liege, Belgium

aleksandra.zieba@teledisnet.be

V. Sitlivyy, Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels, Belgium

Royal Museums of Art and History, Pare du Cinquantenaire, 10, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium

A. V. Kolesnik, Donetsk Regional Museum of Local Lore

11 Krymskaya St., Donetsk, 83062, Ukraine

UDC 903.2

Introduction

The newly discovered industrial sequences at the Knyaz Josef and Pekara sites in the Cracow area fit chronologically within the oxygen-isotope stage 3 framework, covering the end of the Middle Paleolithic, the transition period, and the early Upper Paleolithic. The Late Middle Paleolithic is represented by the Levallois-Mousterian, Levallois-Mousterian, Mousterian, and Lamellar Mousterian industries, which do not contain bifacial tools. The Upper Paleolithic assemblages are clearly not Aurignacian, but belong to the local plate tradition of the early Upper Paleolithic (Valladas et al., 2003; Sitlivy, Zieba, Sobczyk, 2006; Sitlivy, Zieba, 2006), see also: Zieba A. The Middle Palaeolithic in Krakow // Piekary IIa, Krakow, ul. Ksiecia Jozefa sites, in European context: PhD thesis, Jagiellonian University. - Krakow, 2005. - 394 p.).

One Mousterian and two early Upper Paleolithic layers (ca. 44-40 Ka BP) are recorded in the seven - meter thick sediments of the newly discovered Knyaz Josef site (Fig. 1) (Sitlivy et al., 1999b, 2004). For the production of stone artifacts, mainly oblong, thick, large and medium-sized nodules of local Jurassic flint were used. Raw materials are mostly of good and average quality; their outlets are located within a radius of 1 km from the monument, but not on it. Flint of this type was used in all the industries studied, as well as in the Middle and Upper Paleolithic complexes of the Zwerzyniec area in Krakow. Artefacts have fresh surfaces, patina and mechanical post-exposure damage are rare, but many flints bear traces of fire exposure.

The Pekara open-air site IIa (Figure 2) contains three Late Middle Paleolithic layers (Levallois-Moustier plate, Levallois-Moustier plate, and Moustier plate) and one Early Upper Paleolithic layer (between 60 and 31/26 Ka BP (Valladas et al., 2003; Mercier et al., 2003))., the planigraphic configuration of which, with some general features, also has a number of significant differences.

Prince Joseph's Parking lot

Cultural layer III (Lower complex). This layer is characterized by a high saturation of finds,

which probably indicates the existence of a large, multifunctional parking lot here. The remains of 29 bonfires were recorded, as well as accumulations of stone artefacts that demonstrate significant variability in the cleavage technologies used: from split - off (mainly non-Levalloisian, using polyhedral, disc-shaped, and parallel cleavage of nuclei, as well as Kombev and secondary Pucheuil-type nuclei (Delagnes, 1996)) to Upper Paleolithic lamellar ones (Sitlivy and Zieba, 2006). The tool kit contains almost equal parts of simple scrapers, notched products and retouched flakes, supplemented by raclettes, knives with natural and retouched edges, notched products and rare scrapers. Non-distributed retouching, often edge-based or thin steep edge-based.

The artifacts (22,362 pieces) belong to the upper part of the III-2 lithological horizon, which is represented by medium-and coarse-grained sands (Sitlivy et al., 1999b). The thickness of the cultural layer is small (5-10 cm), the area is approx. 80 ^m2. The composition of manu-ports and artefacts (see the table) indicates that the monument was subjected to primary splitting. Judging by the predominance of small chips (< 2 cm) among the finds, it was accompanied by retouching and re-registration of tools. The latter is also confirmed by the repair of a number of scrapers and gear-notched products. There are also pieces of flint, tested and untreated nodules (raw materials), preforms, as well as pebble bumps (25 pcs.) and retouchers. Typologically unidentifiable burnt objects are extremely numerous (559 pieces, or 2.5% of the total complex). The ratio of nuclei to tools is 2:1. The ratio of blanks to nuclei is much higher - 31 : 1. Thus, the overall composition of stone artifacts, as well as the results of reconstruction by repairing the processes of primary splitting, secondary processing and breaking of artifacts (for terminology, see [Cziesla, 1990]) indicate

Fig. 1. General view of the site of Prince Joseph, excavations in 2000.

2. General view of the parking lots of Pekary II, IIIa and III (photo by Z. Holzer).

3. The proportion of primary plates and flakes. The sites of Prince Joseph (KJ) and Pekara (P) IIa.

Composition of finds from the sites of Prince Joseph (KJ) and Pekara (P) IIa

despite the fact that nuclear fission was carried out in the parking lot, tools were made and used.

Unlike other materials, the described complex has a lot of flakes and plates, in which more than half of the surface is covered with a crust. There are 64% of them among flakes, and 55% among plates (Fig. 3). There are 2 times more flakes with a crusty rim than the same flakes (42 vs. 18%), and much more than plates that retain a crust on the back, while among flakes there are samples that are completely and half covered with a crust, as well as with the rim covered with a crust, occur in equal numbers.

The material, forming separate dense clusters, was distributed over the entire uncovered territory of the residential site (Fig. 4). The highest density of finds was recorded in the southern part. Several sites with traces of individual episodes of cleavage were identified. They vary in size, density, composition of finds (primary fission products, tool production waste, pieces of raw materials, accumulations of burnt artifacts of combined composition) and the nature of actions performed on them. Large accumulations of burnt stones are associated with or located around bonfires. Burnt artefacts are isolated. Ash and charcoal are found in large quantities throughout the exposed area. Bonfires are more or less constant in shape (round, oval) and size (diameter 50 - 70 cm); they all have clear boundaries. Bonfires are oriented differently; there is no predominant direction, which indicates their occurrence in situ. There are, however, structures of a different type, which are extensive (more than 100 cm in diameter) ash-carbonaceous spots without clear boundaries. These spots may include several small campfires. The thickness of these bonfires varies from 1-2 to 5-7 cm (Figs. 5, 6).

By the nature of filling, there are three types of bonfires:: 1) containing only burnt stones; 2) filled mainly with flints with unchanged surfaces and having burnt artifacts on the periphery; 3) small, round "sterile" or containing only a few unburned flints bonfires surrounded by flint products.

29 bonfires have been identified, which form five main clusters: 1) northern (sq. L2, L1, K3, K2, K1, II) - small compact bonfires without artifacts; 2) central (sq. K-1, K-2, I-1, H0, H-1, G0) - mostly large, multi-part ones,

Figure 4. Horizontal distribution of artefacts (black dots), burnt stones (red diamonds), and bonfires (blue lines), each square corresponding to 1 ^m2. Site of Prince Joseph, layer III.

5. Foci and accumulations of flint in the plan with sections. Site of Prince Joseph, layer III.

Fig. 6. Sections of foci. Site of Prince Joseph, layer III.

7. Foci and accumulations of flint in the plan. Site of Prince Joseph, layer III.

eroded bonfires containing only burnt flints; 3) zapadnoye (sq. E0, D1, C1, B1) - several small oval bonfires that do not contain burnt materials. On their periphery, there are artifacts mostly with unchanged surfaces and only a few with traces of fire; 4) vostochnoye (sq. N-5, M-5, M-4, L-4, L-3, K-3) - different types of bonfires: large ones with mixed (burnt and unburned 5, 7, a) and small ones that do not contain artifacts; 5) yuzhnoye (sq. G-4, F-4, G-5, F-5, E-5, G-6, F-6, E-6, F-7, E-7) - small, artifact-free bonfires surrounded by unburned flints (Figure 7 (b)); only one is large in size and contains both burnt and unburned material.

The functioning of bonfires could: a) precede the implementation of stone-splitting activities at the site (bonfires containing artifacts with fresh surfaces); b) occur simultaneously with such activities (bonfires of different types); c) follow it (abundant burnt material).

Figure 8. Horizontal distribution of artifacts (black dots), tools (red triangles), nuclei (blue squares), and raw flint nodules (yellow circles). Site of Prince Joseph, layer III.

Flint artefacts of varying degrees of calcination are recorded: 1) whole, slightly changed under the influence of fire its color (reddish spots), but not having cracks or other damage visible to the naked eye; 2) split as a result of rapid calcination (for example, after the flint was thrown into the fire) into large pieces that have acquired a whitish or grayish color; fragments of such materials can be found in the following sections: things (often tools), as the repair shows, can lie at a distance of up to 1 m from each other; 3) experienced a long and gradual calcination (in the case when the bonfires were arranged in areas where the stone was split before), strongly burned in whole or in part (often only on one side), those that changed color, were covered with a network of cracks, and gave rise to many small fragments as a result of cracking in the fire (out of 2,557 flint fragments collected in several clusters, almost half bore traces of fire exposure, and 79% of them belonged to the category of "fire fragments"). Many things that were cracked in the fire, but remained intact, fell apart during the excavation process.

The flints lying in and near the campfires of the central cluster bear traces of exposure to high temperatures. The burnt artifacts show all degrees of calcination, which may indicate the long-term functioning of these foci.

As for the horizontal distribution of nuclei, it is quite uniform, although there are three zones of their increased concentration: sq. G (- 1) / F (- 1); F (- 6) / G (- 6) and M (- 4) / (- 5). The tools on the entire surface, except for a few sections (I (-4), I (-5), H (-4), and H (-5)), are also evenly distributed (Fig. 8). The flints that formed collections of individual nuclei and tools as a result of repair formed clusters with a density of it depended on the mass of the initial object of splitting. More than 300 such (initial) blocks were reconstructed, and their fragments lay at a small or medium distance from each other. Flints that are very far apart and have traces of a long cycle of use are rare, although individual artifacts are examples of both. The cleavage products of nuclei often occur in situ, where they were cleaved. Among them, oddly enough, there are also tools left on the work site along with waste and reunited during the repair process with the original nucleus.

Planigraphic, technological and typological analyses, together with repairs, allow us to propose a general model for the exploitation of raw materials (Fig. 9). Raw materials were delivered to the site in the form of large nodules and rock pieces (from 1 to 5 kg), which are much larger than the nuclei and large primary flakes found on the site (approx. 500 g). Local flint was used. An exception is a plate made of frosted white Jurassic flint, originating from the Sikorniki region. The quality control of the flint was carried out on the riser, as evidenced by pieces with test chips and prenuclei on the nodules.

The following stages of activation of nuclei are distinguished:: removal of the yoke, reduction without preparation or pre-pounding, removal of workpieces alternating with adjustment, and finally depletion and completion of operation, although the latter may have occurred at earlier technological phases. Numerous prenuclei weighing up to several kilograms contrast with the equally widespread residual nuclei, among which there are microexamples weighing only 13 g. Different cleavage strategies were used to exploit nodule and flake nuclei. The first ones show all the stages of triggering. As the repair showed, several nuclei were often made from one nodule, each of them had its own "technological life". Some of them, being worked to the limit, were used as tools. Individual nuclei on flakes also reflect the full technological cycle-from initialization (nuclei

Fig. 9. Raw material exploitation model. Site of Prince Joseph, layer III.

kombeva) before depletion and conversion into guns, the rest of the products of this group is characterized by a short response cycle.

The products of cleavage of nuclei, along with waste, are represented by flakes and, more rarely, plates. Chipped blanks were not selected very carefully; they were either immediately used (partially retouched flakes and plates), or with the help of careful retouching turned into tools. Large primary flakes were usually converted into nuclei or scrapers, and blanks with a natural edge and edge (debordant) chips - into knives with a tip and some other tools. Many raclettes were made on small flakes, as well as, oddly enough, on large flakes and plates (including crusted ones), which contradicts the traditional definition of this type. Most of the chips, primarily flakes, were used as secondary nuclei. The same thing happened with some tools that were broken during the re-registration process. As the repair shows, a full cycle of raw material exploitation was carried out on the monument: individual nodules were completely reconstructed, among them there are high-quality blanks and retouched tools.

The results of the renovation and the composition of the inventory indicate that there are two splitting strategies on the monument - economical and wasteful. The latter is characterized by abundant waste remaining during the operation of the nucleus, and a careless attitude to the reserves of raw materials. Nuclei were ejected not only after technological errors caused by the presence of natural cracks and foreign inclusions in the fissionable rocks, but also very often for no apparent reason. The same wasteful attitude was sometimes applied to blanks that were not subjected to secondary processing. With economical cleavage, one muscle was often divided into several parts, each of which was then triggered in a special manner, and even in the presence of natural defects, the cleavage process was not interrupted; the nucleus was triggered to the limit. Chips removed from these nuclei were often recycled or used as secondary nuclei. If it so happened that at the final stage of splitting the nucleus accidentally broke in half, both fragments still worked to the limit. Small fragments and flakes were also used as micronuclei. At the same time, there is no evidence that the firing and re-registration of guns occurred in accordance with the Dibble scheme. Tweaking tools did not change their typological status; items with multiple working edges are rare or absent. Researchers often explain the use of secondary nuclei (flake-based nuclei) as a desire to save raw materials (see, for example, [Bernard-Guelle and Porraz, 2001]). However, for the area around Krakow with its rich flint outcrops, this explanation is unlikely

10. Horizontal distribution of flint artefacts (black dots), nuclei (blue diamonds), tools (red triangles), and hearths (blue lines). Site of Prince Joseph, layer II.

Fig. 11. Foci in the plan. Site of Prince Joseph, layer II.

12. Foci in cross-section. Site of Prince Joseph, layer II.

That'll do. Thus, the reasons for the frequent use of nuclei on flakes for the described monument are not entirely clear.

All available data point to the complex, unusual nature of the exploitation of raw materials and technological behavior, which indicates that the object belongs to a special type of monument. The words used about the Maastricht-Belvedere J site materials are quite applicable to the Prince Joseph site Layer III complex: "... in fact, it is easier to determine what this flint processing technology does not look like than what it looks like " (Roebroeks et al., 1997).

Cultural layer II (Middle complex). A small area of residential parking (?) or, rather, a short-term workshop with remnants of hearths and a high concentration of flints was discovered in horizon III-I (silty sands). The collection contains 2,189 artifacts. The technology is focused on the production of plates (Ilam = 57.3) by several methods characteristic of the Upper Paleolithic, including the design of the rib, systematic revival of the impact site. End nuclei of counter-cleavage on nodules and flakes and bulk prismatic nuclei are presented (Sitlivy et al., 1999b, 2004). A total of seven tools were found; they are represented by two retouched flakes, a plate, a notched product, a piece esquillee, a puncture and a fragment of a scraper. There are no typical Middle Paleolithic forms or tools typical of Aurignacian.

Most of the finds are located in a small area (an area of approx. 6 ^m2). On the rest of the excavated area (80 ^m2), isolated flint artefacts were found (Fig. Analysis of the spatial distribution of the finds shows that tools are concentrated in the western part, while nuclei are concentrated in the central and eastern parts. A completely preserved production area with a high density of flakes and other small waste served as a place for receiving plates; there is a hearth next to it (Figs. 11, 12).

The composition of the complex's artifacts is quite specific (see the table). Small chips make up the most numerous group (> 72%); their share among the finds here is higher than at other sites studied in the Cracow area. Plates and plates are in second place. The ratio of tools to nuclei is 0.5 : 1. The ratio of blanks to nuclei is 44: 1, and if you take only plates, it will be 26 : 1. The last figure reflects the high intensity of nuclear activation. The composition of stone artefacts and repairs indicate that on the monument

nucleic cleavage was mainly performed. Unlike the layer III complex and many other sites and workshop sites in the region, untreated nodules, raw rock fragments, test nuclei and pre-nuclei are absent, as well as re-registration chips and incisive chips. It is interesting that among the numerous chips with well-defined impact bumps and 13 worked nuclei (six of them were reconstructed by repair), only five small pebbles were noted, there is not a single bump. Nevertheless, the frequent use of a solid stone chipper is certain. This, as well as a high faceting index of nuclear sites (IF1 = 30, IFs = 24.2) , are two Mid-Paleolithic features that characterize the technology of this industry. The predominance of uncrusted chips (> 55%), the small number of primary and semi-primary flakes and plates (47 and 5, respectively), and the ratio of their number to the number of nuclei, as 4 : 1, indicate that the majority of nuclei were decorticated outside the monument. With the help of repairs, only two cases of removing the crust from the nuclei (small size) directly in the parking lot were identified.

Judging by the morphology of primary and ordinary flakes (241 pcs.), as well as repair, at the stage of preparation of nuclei, they were mostly removed from flakes. Quite numerous plates with a natural edge were chipped to maintain the cleavage surface in working condition. Lamellar chips are mainly represented by fragments (approx. 90%, in layer III-63%) or amorphous products. Nevertheless, the negatives of the plates and plates on the nuclei have the correct shape. A single extremely high-quality flint core could not be matched with a single chip from an area of approx. 80 ^m2. Products (including blanks) made of flint of this type are extremely small in the collection. The above-mentioned nucleus underwent preliminary preparation outside the excavated area; the plates removed from it are missing. Taking into account these data and the presence of a large number of flakes and fragments, we can conclude that specialized production of plates and plates, re-registration of some of them into tools in the parking lot and subsequent transportation from it.

The available materials indicate that the monument in question was a specialized workshop, where in the course of several (?) After brief visits by humans, intensive cleavage of nuclei for plates was performed in a limited area. Judging by the composition of the collection, testing of raw materials, removal of the crust and initial preparation of some nuclei were carried out outside the monument. Large flakes were delivered to the workshop to be used as end nuclei for the production of plates and plates.

The purpose of splitting was to obtain medium and small (rarely more than 100 mm) narrow plates of good quality, as well as plates. These plates, in contrast to the plates from the underlying layer III, are longer and less massive. In addition, some tools were made on the monument. Nuclei (some of them are worked to the limit, one is burned), technical chips (rib-shaped parts, "tablets"), fission waste, and occasionally whole plates and plates (10.5% of them, most of them irregular in shape) and featureless tools were left on the territory of the workshop. On the contrary, good billets were taken away together with individual tools; pebble chippers were not left either (Fig. 13).

Figure 13. Raw material exploitation model. Site of Prince Joseph, layer II.

14. Horizontal distribution of artefacts (gray dots), nuclei (rhombuses), and tools (triangles). Site of Prince Joseph, layer I.

Cultural layer I (Upper complex). The artefacts were found in the lower and middle parts of lithological unit II (silty deposits). Cultural layer I is not rich, although there is an increased concentration of artefacts in the northern part of the excavation (Fig. In this cluster there are nuclei and a toothed tool, which is included in the selection of bulk nuclei for plates and points. The rest of the tools were located outside the cluster; they were evenly distributed throughout the excavated area. Plate blanks, gable rib plates, and signs of the use of a soft chipper indicate the dominance of Upper Paleolithic technology. Tools are rare, and there are no specific forms. The only Levallois flake has a strongly rounded surface and in this respect differs significantly from the rest of the" fresh " part of the complex. This complex, which represents the Upper Paleolithic plate technology, some influence from Bogunicien in the splitting strategy, and includes culturally neutral tools, can be interpreted either as the periphery or destroyed part of a large settlement, or, more likely, as a short-term parking lot.

IIA Bakers

New studies in Pekary have revealed several pre-Paleolithic lamellar structures in deposits of locality IIa dating from 61-35/33 Ka BP (Sitlivy et al., 1999a, 2004; Valladas et al., 2003; Mercier et al., 2003; Kalicki and Budek, 2004). The lower part of the Pekarpa column contained four complexes devoid of bifacial tools and defined as lamellar Levallois-Moustier (layer 7c), Levallois-Moustier (layer 7b), lamellar Moustier (layer 7a), and local neorhinjacoid early Upper Paleolithic (layer 6) (Sitlivy, Zieba, and Sobczyk, 2006; Sitlivy, Zieba, 2006], see also: Zieba A. The Middle Palaeolithic...).

The composition of all these complexes is similar; the predominance of chips is characteristic at a low frequency of occurrence of tools and nuclei (see table). The low proportion of flakes in all Bakeries ' collections can be partly explained by post-deposition processes, although the gradual increase in this percentage from layer 7c to layer 6 may be due to human activity. On Pekar IIa, as on all other monuments in the Cracow area, the ratio of the number of tools to the number of nuclei is 2: 1 or less (the lowest values of this indicator are recorded for layer 7c of Pekar IIa and layer I of the Prince Joseph site, where the material is sparse and where there were either short-term parking lots or peripheral parts of parking lots). On the contrary, the ratio of the number of blanks to the number of nuclei for all monuments, except for the two just mentioned, is different-55.5 : 1 (layer 6 of Pekar IIa). For plates, this indicator of both Early Upper Paleolithic complexes is (27.5 : 1 for layer 6 of Pekar IIa and 26 : 1 for layer II of the Prince Joseph site), for the lamellar Moustier complex of layer 7a of Pekar Pa - only 7: 1. For all points of Pekar, the lack of raw material reserves and a small number of test nuclei are characteristic; this is quite It does not correspond to what is revealed in cultural layer III of the Prince Joseph site. In general, bakery complexes fit into the category of workshop sites with a less complete cycle of processing stone raw materials than in layer III of the Prince Joseph site. It should also be noted that in layer 6 of Pekar IIa, where pieces of hematite with engravings and typical Upper Paleolithic tools are found, the features inherent in workshops are less clearly expressed than in layer II of the Prince Joseph site, which represents a specialized workshop for the production of plates and plates.

The density of finds at the Pekar sites varies from low to medium, but tends to increase from bottom to top along the section (whereas the opposite trend is typical for the Knyaz Josef site). There are no specific features in the distribution of the material in the plan; there are also no well-defined clusters. There is a significant dispersion of arte-

This may be a consequence of both the confluence of different habitat horizons (palimpsest) and the impact of post-positioning processes. In this respect, the Bakeries also differ from the Prince Joseph site, where the residential horizons of layers III and II are well preserved.

Layer 7c. The number of finds is low. In excavation XX, the artifacts were located in the central part (Fig. 15, a), and in excavation XXII, they were located mainly at the western wall near the old excavation XIII, which was laid down by V. Moravsky and gave the richest collection of products of this industry for the entire Pekar district. One large cluster (sq. H-I7) included plates and tools along with other finds; the nuclei in two new excavations are scattered.

Layer 7b. More finds were found in this layer than in layer 7c. In general, the artifacts are distributed evenly in the plan, but in excavation XXII there are two clusters (Fig. 15, b). The first one is located in its southern and south-eastern parts (lines 9 and 10). The second, smaller area, was found in the northern part in sq. m. G4 and F4. The products of the Levallois cleavage are scattered over the entire area. The weapons were located inside both clusters, and the nuclei tended to their periphery.

Layer 7a. The layer is characterized by the highest density of finds, which are distributed fairly evenly in space (Fig.

15. Horizontal distribution of artifacts (black dots), nuclei (squares), and tools (triangles), each square corresponding to 1 ^m2. Bakers IIa, layers 7a (c), 7b (b), 7c (a).

Figure 16. Horizontal distribution of artifacts (black dots) of nuclei (squares) and tools (triangles). Bakers IIa, layer 6.

In excavation XXII, two clusters of flint products are distinguished - in the south-western (sq. H-I 10) and north-western (sq. H-J 1) parts. Nuclei and tools do not form clusters, except for the increased concentration of tools in sq. H-I 9, 10.

The spatial distribution of archaeological materials in the cultural layers of Bakeries varies from excavation to excavation. The most noticeable changes in the distribution of finds on the surface are observed in layer 7a. In the materials of this layer from the excavations of V. Moravsky and from excavation XX/1998 [Sitlivy et al., 1999a], the cleavage products of the Middle Paleolithic technique aimed at obtaining flakes predominate over the products of plate cleavage of the Upper Paleolithic type. In contrast, excavation XXII / 2000 at the same stratigraphic position (in layer 7a) mainly shows evidence of plate production, in particular nuclei for their production, and associated by-products. However, all the tools found in these excavations are Middle Paleolithic. Two zones are distinguished: excavation XX mainly presents products of disc-shaped nuclei actuation, including small edge (debordant) flakes, and excavation XXII-products of plate production. Most of the by-products of plate cleavage and all the nuclei used to produce plates were found in Excavation XXII (except for one found in Excavation XX).

Layer 6. The spatial distribution of finds in this layer (especially in the large excavation XXII) to some extent reflects the direction of solifluction along the slope, approximately along the C - Y axis. Small areas of material accumulation, including nuclei and tools, were identified in the northern and central parts of Excavation XXII (Fig.

Excavation XX is smaller than excavation XXII, and it is more difficult to detect any structure in the nature of the artefacts here. In addition, the density of finds here is lower than in other excavated sites. Tools and nuclei in excavation XX form two separate zones, while in excavation XXII they form one cluster in sq. E-F 3. Due to the impact of post-deposition processes, it is impossible to say that the material lies in situ, and it is difficult to determine how solifluction affected the position of the finds. It should be emphasized, however, that artifacts have "fresh" surfaces (sometimes slightly patinated); both repair of broken products and technological reconstructions are possible.

Conclusion

A comparison of seven late Middle Paleolithic and early Upper Paleolithic complexes of the two sites revealed differences in the degree of their preservation, their functions, spatial organization, the nature of raw material exploitation, and human behavior. Corresponding to layer II of the Prince Joseph site, a small (several (?) brief visits by people) specialized workshop for the production of plates with its clear borders, hearth and very small dispersion in space of products connected by means of repair, contrasts sharply with the large settlement deposited in layer III, which is characterized by a high density of finds, complex spatial organization,and a large number of a variety of techniques-

psychological schemes and behavioral models. At the last settlement, various operations were carried out to split flint, fire was intensively used, and visits to the parking lot were both short-term and long-term (the distance between products connected by repair is usually small or medium; there are products with signs of long-term use). In Bakeries IIa, the spatial organization of traces of human habitation is less expressive (partly due to post-positioning disorders) and allows you to restore only a very small part of the picture. Nevertheless, two independent technologies (represented in layer 7a - flake and non-Valloise lamellar) are installed in different parts of the layer. In general, the layers of Bakeries IIa can be considered as the remains of parking lots-workshops outside the places where sources of raw materials come out.

Acknowledgements

This research was made possible by financial support from grants from the National Foundation for Scientific Research (University of Liege), the Belgian Ministry of Science and Culture (MO/38 / 003 and MO/38 / 010 Royal Museums of Art and History), the Polish Committee for Scientific Research (Jagiellonian University), and fellowships awarded to one of the authors (To. Sobchik) from the Belgian Ministry of Science and Culture (Royal Museums of Art and History) and the National Foundation for Scientific Research (University of Liege).

The authors are grateful to R. Miller for her help in editing the English version of this article and to the reviewers for their valuable comments.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 19.01.07.

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